The Emperors Club Reflection Paper - 1516 Words

Reflection Paper 1 Dec. 5, 2012 Thesis: Past is both past and not past. How we perceive and act in the future is completely up to us. If I was asked to describe studying history, all I can say is one word, Dà ©jà   vu. Dà ©jà   vu is a French word meaning â€Å"already seen†. This phenomenon strikes when an occurrence you are currently experiencing seemed to have occurred in the past. It is that moment when an event flashes back right in front you and you seem to know what was going to happen next. However, not everything that happen turns out to be â€Å"picture-perfect† the way you knew it before. The occurrence in your head is very similar to what is happening but not the exact same thing because, as science would explain it, our brain does†¦show more content†¦Hundert and that should’ve been enough for him to learn from his mistakes. But he didn’t. He cheated once, but that didn’t made him realized that it was bad. Moreover, it has influenced him to cheat once again. Choosing to go with the path of cheating instead of going against the mistakes was his choice. And no one should be blamed for what he did but himself. How we perceive and act in the future is completely up to us. We are liable to the consequence of perceptions and actions that we make. These consequences, may it be good or bad, becomes our future. No one can see the future. And there are infinitely many possibilities of that could happen to us. But then again no one can determine nor control what will happen to the future. Yet there is only one who can decide for your own future, no one else but you. We have the freedom to do anything we want. And there’s no one holding us back. Though we always have these options, there are also responsibilities attached to this freedom. Whatever happens, each of our own future certainly depends on no one else but our own. Mr. Hundert was telling the two things he was certain of at the first part of the film. One of this was, â€Å"A man’s character is his fate.† The way we think, the way we choose to do what’s right or wrong, the way we live our life directs us to the path where we decide to go. And the character we build up on this decisions make up the future, the future that is determined by us. When Mr. HundertShow MoreRelatedA001426205 Bellamy Charles STMK Essay2945 Words   |  12 Pagesdeadline? ASSESSMENT SHEET (to be completed by the examiner) Student name: Course name: Subject name: COMMENTS Principles used (for example, number and understanding of concepts referred to, their influence on the structure of this paper, number and correct citations of  references, use of appropriate jargon)      /4 Application of those principles, that is, the  analysis and evaluation of the example problem based on the principles, including the final recommendations and their justificationRead MoreManagement and Mcd2040 Managing People6266 Words   |  26 Pagesmanagement functions. †¢ Describe the three steps in the control process. †¢ Explain how organisational performance is measured. †¢ Understand tools used to measure organisational performance. †¢ Discuss contemporary issues in control Topic 12 Review and reflection †¢ No new theory is introduced and the purpose of this week is for you to check your progress against the overall aims of the unit. Students should note that the program outlined above is a guide to the material to be covered in this unit and notRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagessociology. I. Duberley, Joanne. II. Johnson, Phil, 1955III. Title. HM786.M33 2007 302.3’5—dc22 2006022347 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 0 9 08 07 06 Typeset in 10/12.5 pt sabon by 72 Printed by Ashford Colour Press Ltd., Gosport The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests. . Brief Contents Preface List of figures List of tables Acknowledgements xiii xvii xix xx 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Introducing organization theory: what is it, and why does it matter? ModernistRead MoreEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 Pagesmuch as Thomas. His hair was a dark red colour from a botched dying job. Both of them had rather pale skin. Yeah, Lucas replied with enthusiasm. Just like the supplier said, they are completely authentic. They are also sharpened. Let a piece of paper fall on it and it will split into two. Have you tested to see how tough it is at cutting solid objects yet? Costing a few thousand for each sword, I rather not. It was hard enough to get these blades. You have to be a very good friend with

One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Literary Analysis

Freedom can be obtained through the defiance of society’s expectations to find a sense of individuality. Ken Kesey’s ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’ is a novel originally published in 1962, which centres on the lives of patients in a psychiatric hospital. Symbolism, one of the many techniques, was incorporated into the novel, to convey the main ideas of freedom, and society versus individual. Motifs and symbols are vaguely different, in a sense that motifs are symbols unique to the novel, whereas symbols are universal; however motifs can be considered as symbols as it also represents the ideas of Kesey’s novel. Kesey’s portrayal of the idea of freedom through the characters’ beliefs of their personal situation shows the reader the†¦show more content†¦The cuckoo’s nest in this case symbolises the ward, and McMurphy and Bromden are the men liberating themselves as they â€Å"flew over†. Although both men â€Å"flew over the cuckoo’s nest†, their pathways were different; Bromden escaped the ward alive, while McMurphy escaped the Combine’s possession. The symbolisation of the nest shows how freedom can have various meanings for different individuals. In the psychiatric ward, laughter is uncommon between the patients, so when McMurphy arrives and laughs despite â€Å"nothing funny going on†(11), the men are â€Å"stunned dumb by him† (11). McMurphy’s laughter is â€Å"free and loud† (11), and before his arrival â€Å"nobody ever dared to let loose and laugh† (13). Laughter symbolises freedom as it allows the men to express themselves, regardless of their imprisonment of the ward. ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’ conveys the idea of society versus individual by setting the story in a psychiatric ward, where the â€Å"Combine† (8) represents society, and the individuals are the patients. Prior to the arrival of McMurphy, the other men were oblivious to their unjust treatment, and their ability to rebel against Big Nurse Ratched. Society versus individual as a main idea represents society’s pressure on the patients to conform to norms and the consequences of not doing so. The mechanised society, which Bromden refers to as the Combine, is a motif that symbolises the suppression of individuality to obtainShow MoreRelatedOne Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Literary Analysis972 Words   |  4 PagesOne Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest is a novel written by American author Ken Kesey, and set inside a psychiatric hospital. The story is narrated by ‘Chief’ Bromden, and unravels the events leading to McMurphy’s rebellion against Nurse Ratched in order to achieve his long-term goal of ‘freeing’ the inmates. Throughout the novel, Kesey introduces a number of ideas to the reader such as the oppressive nature of authority and society’s inability to accept difference. By using literary devices such as characterizationRead MoreThe One Who Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Literary Analysis1046 Words   |  5 Pagesof literature have comparable characteristics, including the use of literary elements to portray deeper meaning. â€Å"T he Story of an Hour† and The One Who Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest are great pieces of literature which keep their main focus around the use of symbolism, hidden in the plot. Whereas Mrs. Mallard, from â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, appears to be insane due to her husband, characters from The One Who Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest gains their insanity from Nurse Ratched, both authors incorporate symbolismRead MoreOne Flew Over A Cuckoos Nest And Girl Interrupted Literary Analysis1862 Words   |  8 Pagesplatform of literature has two different windows. The first being the depiction of the author and the second being the interpretation of the audience. This concept is evident within both works this essay seeks to explore. In Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over a Cuckoo’s Nest, a charismatic criminal, Randle P. McMurphy is admitted to a state asylum due to his will of serving out of prison sentence in a mental hospital rather than the penitentiary. McMurphy b rings in the outside world to the admitted patientsRead MoreComparison of Two Texts, â€Å"One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest† and â€Å"to Kill a Mocking Bird†1914 Words   |  8 PagesComparison of two texts, â€Å"One flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest† and â€Å"To Kill a Mocking Bird† | How do the authors of To Kill a Mockingbird and One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest use literary techniques to explore the concepts of isolation? Isolation and courage in the form of racism and discrimination is an analogous concept explored in Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird and Ken Kesey’s novel One flew over the cuckoo’s nest. The authors exemplify the conflicts of isolation displayed by theRead MoreKen Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1629 Words   |  7 PagesKesey’s One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest is a timeless classic. This novel has been subject to analysis through many different literary lenses: feminist, Marxist, and of course, psychoanalytic. One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest provides a plethora of evidence when it comes to using the psychoanalytic lens. The lens in question deals with the teaching of Sigmund Freud. When reading this novel, the audience sees quite clearly that the world of psychology plays an impactful role in One Flew Over The Cuckoo’sRead MoreOne Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Research Paper1764 Words   |  8 PagesDrugs and Insanity Ag ainst Society The author of the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, Ken Keasey, received his inspiration for the book while volunteering at a veterans hospital. This is where he was first introduced to LSD. The moment he tried it, he became addicted, and began experimenting on himself with the drugs, observing the effects. The novel deals with the tyrannical rule of head Nurse Ratched in a mental hospital somewhere in Oregon. She runs all business and daily life in the asylumRead MoreOne Flew over the Cuckoos Nest: the Power of Laughter1592 Words   |  7 Pagesgreater authority has the power to deny a person of their laughter; which, inevitably, denies him of his freedom. Ken Kesey conveys the idea that laughter and freedom go hand in hand throughout his novel One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest. Kesey portrays laughter as a parallel to freedom through various literary symbols and imagery in order to illustrate how the power of laughter can free a man who is under the control of an unjust authority. Through the characterization of Nurse Ratched and McMurphy, KeseyRead MoreLiterary Analysis over One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesLITERARY ANALYSIS One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is a novel written by Ken Kesey during a time in our society when pressures of our modern world seemed at their greatest. Many people were, at this time, deemed by society’s standards to be insane and institutionalized. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is set in a ward of a mental institution. The major conflict in the novel is that of power. Power is a recurring and overwhelming theme throughout the novel. Kesey shows the power of womenRead MoreAnalysis Of Chief Bromden s The Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 952 Words   |  4 Pagesthe end of the Novel, the resolution was Chief Bromden had escaped from the mental hospital. It affected the mental hospital because many patients were happy he escaped from Nurse Ratched authority. Character Analysis: Chief Bromden - The narrator/patient of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. Chief Bromden is the son of the chief of the Columbia Indians and a white woman. Also, He suffers from paranoia and hallucinations, and received several electroshock treatments for ten years. In the novel, ChiefRead MoreSanity Like One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest1905 Words   |  8 Pages1960’s to the late 1970’s, the concept and interest of mental illness has been studied and discussed in countless different mediums ranging from films that tackled issues of sanity like One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest to novels that dealt with much darker issues such as schizophrenia in Flora Schreiber’s Sybil. One of the most controversial and talked about productions of the 20th century is Peter Shaffer’s 1974 Tony winning play, Equus, which recounts Dr. Martin Dysart’s encounter and treatment of

How does Shakespeare create tension in the trial scene of the Merchant of Venice Essay Example For Students

How does Shakespeare create tension in the trial scene of the Merchant of Venice Essay The Merchant of Venice is a play by Shakespeare set in Venice in 1592; at this time the English looked up to Venetians and they were seen as very fashionable people. Venice was also the trading capital of the world as there was an increase in overseas trade and merchants became very well respected. At the time the attitude towards Jews was hostile and they were treated very badly, there was a lot of prejudice against Jews. They were seen as criminals as some Jews committed usury and they were looked down on by Christians. The play has been set in Venice as it is about a Jewish usurer called Shylock; he is seeking revenge on a wealthy Christian Merchant called Antonio and by setting it in Venice the audience are more likely to sympathise with Antonio and see Shylock as the evil one as he is a Jewish usurer. Within my essay I will be exploring and analysing the techniques Shakespeare uses in the trial scene of his play, The Merchant of Venice, to create and build up dramatic tension for the audience. The main plot of The Merchant of Venice is that Antonio agrees to an extreme bond; if the loan of 3000 ducats is not paid back to Shylock within the deadline Shylock can claim a pound of Antonios flesh. Shylock describes the bond: an equal pound of your fair flesh, to be cut off and taken in what part of your body pleaseth me. Antonio agrees to the bond: Content, in faith; Ill seal to such a bond Unfortunately, all of his ships are shipwrecked so he is unable to pay back the money to Shylock. Consequently, Shylock is seeking revenge on Antonio as he has been mistreated his whole life as he is a Jew and therefore he becomes inhumane with the power and control he seems to have when he becomes obsessed with taking revenge as he has this bond against Antonio. The subplot of The Merchant of Venice is focused on romance as Bassanio and Portia fall in love as he wins her in a lottery (a choice of three chests one of them allowing them to be married) created by her father. The romance between Bassanio and Portia gives a slight relief to the tension created between Shylock and Antonio and it lightens the tone of the play distracting the audience away from the obsessive and hostile atmosphere they create. In the end the lovers have a happy, playful ending which leaves Antonio alive but alone and Shylock is punished mercilessly by Portia as he has to live the rest of his life in pain. The trial scene is the climax of the play, Shylock is becoming obsessed with the reality of taking revenge on Antonio: The pound of flesh, which I demand of him, is dearly brought, tis mine, and I will have it Shylock is becoming extremely impatient for his bond and he is set on taking his revenge, he is showing no mercy. In the trial scene Antonio is preparing to die: I am armed and well prepared. Give me your hand, Bassanio, fare you well! As Antonio is expecting the worst it creates dramatic tension as the audience feel the hopeless situation that Antonio is in and are willing the events of the trial to turn in his favour. Shakespeare cleverly builds up the tension, and creates suspense in the scene to keep the audience on edge. During the trial scene the drama and irony is added with the disguise of Nerissa and Portia as they change the direction of the trial, as the events turn in Antonios favour. Shakespeare begins the build up of dramatic tension in the opening of the court scene with the introductory speeches. When the Duke talks about Shylock he presents him as an inhumane man with a cold heart and no mercy. He describes Shylock A stony adversary Uncapable of pity, void and empty from any dram of mercy. This implies that he feel thats shylock has no feelings and that he sees him as an opponent with not even a little bit of mercy. This creates some tension as we are reminded of Shylocks unwavering, remorseless character. Shakespeare also uses Antonio to create dramatic tension in the beginning of the court scene when he presents himself. He says His rigorous course; but since he stands obdurate, and that no lawful means that can carry me out of his envys reach, I do oppose my patience to his fury when Antonio says this it conveys the sense that he is preparing himself for the worst and he seems aware that Shylock is a stubborn man and he is expecting to die as Shylock will get what he wants by law. This creates dramatic tension for the audience as it feels like Antonios death is definite as he doesnt seem to have any hope that he will live, he is simply accepting that he will die from the start of the court scene. Shylock is a solitary figure as he is entering a trial where he is surrounded by Christians that despise him. They use his religion to isolate him; the duke calls for Shylock to enter the court: Go one, and call the Jew into the court. By calling him Jew it conveys the little respect the Christians in the court have for him and emphasises that he is completely alone. He is structured into a sympathetic character as he is completely isolated and he has no one to support him in the trial and therefore it will be harder for him to get his way and take his lethal revenge on Antonio. Dramatic tension builds up as the need for Shylocks mercy is apparent and they are pleading with him; this creates tension as it shows the desperation of the people defending Antonio as they w orry for his life. The duke is asking Shylock for mercy: Glancing an eye upon his losses Enow to press a royal merchant down, and pluck commiseration of his state We all expect a gentle answer, Jew The duke is desperately trying to give Shylock a reason to have mercy, he is listing everything that Antonio has lost and hoping that this will make Shylock think differently about the situation. He is expecting Shylock to have mercy as he calls him a gentle Jew. This suspends the dramatic tension as the audience wait to receive Shylocks response. Shakespeare extends the suspense as to whether Shylock will insist on his bond as he stalls his answer leaving the audience on edge: Youll ask me why I rather choose to have a weight of carrion flesh than to receive three thousand ducats: Ill not answer that. But say its my humour, is it answered? This gives the impression that Shylock is enjoying the power he has as he is using humour to insist on his bond, he is becoming excited with the reality of receiving his bond and is playing with the Christians, leaving them on edge as they await his answer. Merchant of Venice, Act 1 scene 3, Act 2 scene 5 EssayNo one knows exactly what Portia is doing, this adds to the tension as the audience dont know what to expect and they do not understand why she is telling Shylock he can have his bond. This confusion and worry for Antonio in the audience adds to the build up of tension as they do not know what the end result will be, they are expecting a twist of events but they dont know for sure what will happen, this suspense will keep them on edge as they await the final result. The dramatic tension is being built up and prolonged as Portia delays the court: Tarry a little, there is something else, the delay shows that Shylocks desire for revenge; he is very eager and impatient and as he keeps getting interrupted it makes him even more frustrated and impatient to get his revenge. His response to a reasonable request for a surgeon is: tis not in the bond this implies that Shylock wants to get on with it and he is becoming irrational as he wants Antonio dead. His behaviour will affect the audience as they will have less sympathy because he is acting inhumane and irrational and his impatience is becoming obsessive and aggressive. Shakespeare is manipulating the audience as they cannot decide who to feel sorry for as the perception of the characters change throughout the trial scene. At first they might sympathise with Shylock when he is a solitary figure and is called the Jew then they could begin to see him as an inhumane, irrational man who is becoming too obsessive with taking revenge, therefore changing the audiences mind about who to sympathise with. After Antonio gives his poignant speech as he is prepared to die, Shakespeare uses irony and an element of humour to stall the build up of tension. Bassanio says I would lose all, ay sacrifice them all here to this devil, to deliver you. This is ironic as he is saying that he would willingly sacrifice his wife, Portia who is disguised as a lawyer in the scene, to save Antonios life. She responds to this comment: Your wife would give you little thanks for that this hint of humour acts like an interlude that lightens the mood and suspends the build up of dramatic tension for the audience. When Shylocks case is lost Gratiano repetitively uses mocking comments against Shylock: O upright judge! Mark, Jew. O learni d judge! This will make the audience feel a slight sympathy towards Shylock as he is in great pain and the Christians are laughing at his punishment. The audience will either laugh along with this sadistic mockery or feel that it is a mean unnecessary action. Shakespeare uses pathos in this scene to allow the audience to hold a heartfelt sympathy towards Shylock as now the rest of the court including Portia are being irrational and merciless. Portia is being hypocritical and the most ruthless in the trial. Although she gives a speech about the quality of mercy, she has none when she manipulates the court in Antonios favour allowing him to decide a harsh punishment for Shylock. Antonio delivers the punishment: He presently become a Christian all of he dies possessed, unto to his son Lorenzo and his daughter. This example of pathos shows Antonios hatred of Shylock as he is using religion to cause him pain, in order to receive a sadistic pleasure from making him suffer for the rest of his life. The tone of Shylocks voice and the words he uses shows the pain he is feeling by this punishment. Shylock has now been isolated and the way he speaks portrays his depressed emotions: I pray you give me leave to go from hence. I am not well He is using heavy mono-syllabic words in his final speech displaying his despondent feelings and reflecting his exhausted, depressed state of mind. The director of the film of the play uses background music and stage directions to make the viewer feel for Shylock; when he is ordered to become a Christian and give up all he owns the director uses slow, sorrowful music in the background making the viewer empathetic towards Shylock. Shylock also collapses to the ground in complete shock and desperation as he hears his punishment and makes a sound like a wounded animal. This presentation of Shylock makes the viewer pity and sympathise with him as we observe his desperate frustration with the situation, we view him as a tragic figure as his extreme desire for revenge has resulted in a life of grief and depression. During the Elizabethan times the punishment of Shylock at the end of the scene would have been a delightful result. Christians were extremely prejudiced towards Jews at the time so they would not sympathise with Shylock as he loses everything. As he is asked to convert to Christianity, they would feel delight as in that time it would have been thought that the Jew was punished rightly and that he deserved it. However a 21st Century audience would have a slightly different reaction; although some may feel that Shylock deserved to be punished for his inhumane behaviour, a modern audience would be more sympathetic for him as there is more acceptance of different religions now and we would also remember all the trouble Shylock has received that would have driven him to that irrational behaviour. In general, a modern audience would be more shocked by the punishment than an Elizabethan one. Shakespeare cleverly builds up the tension in the trial scene and then he moves straight onto the final scene which is very romantic and humorous, Jessica says: In such a night did young Lorenzo swear he loved her well The audience are almost distracted by this change of atmosphere as everything in the play seems resolved as it finishes on a lighter note. There is also sense of relief at the end as the audience have been building up to the trial scene throughout the whole play, as it was the climax of the play the audience are now more relaxed as there is less suspense. However, the audience are not fully distracted by the happy and romantic conclusion of the play, although everything seems to be resolved the audience will remember the harsh consequence that Shylock received and the way Portia became merciless and irrational in the trial scene. These miserable events will linger in the audiences mind after the play even though the final scene was a happy, romantic one. In conclusion, Shakespeare successfully creates tension in the trial scene by stalling and prolonging the build up of tension which effectively leaves the audience in suspense and keeps them on edge throughout the scene as they struggle decide who to sympathise with in the end.

The Dust Bowl Essays - Dust Bowl, Droughts In The United States

The Dust Bowl The Dust Bowl was the darkest moment in the twentieth-century life of the southern plains, (pg. 4) as described by Donald Worster in his book The Dust Bowl. It was a time of drought, famine, and poverty that existed in the 1930's. It's cause, as Worster presents in a very thorough manner, was a chain of events that was perpetuated by the basic capitalistic society's need for expansion and consumption. Considered by some as one of the worst ecological catastrophes in the history of man, Worster argues that the Dust Bowl was created not by nature's work, but by an American culture that was working exactly the way it was planned. In essence, the Dust Bowl was the effect of a society, which deliberately set out to take all it could from the earth while giving next to nothing back. The Dust Bowl existed, in its full quintessence, concurrently with the Great Depression during the 1930's. Worster sets out in an attempt to show that these two cataclysms existed simultaneously not by coincidence, but by the same culture, which brought them about from similar events. Both events revealed fundamental weaknesses in the traditional culture of America, the one in ecological terms, the other in economic. (pg. 5) Worster proposes that in American society, as in all others, there are certain accepted ways of using the land. He sums up the capital ethos of ecology into three simply stated maxims: nature must be seen as capital, man has a right/obligation to use this capital for constant self-advancement, and the social order should permit and encourage this continual increase of personal wealth (pg. 6) It is through these basic beliefs that Worster claims the plainsmen ignored all environmental limits, much like the brokers and investors on Wall Street ignored a top-heavy e conomy. Worster explains that our business-oriented society began to transform farming into a mass-producing industrial machine, becoming another excess of free enterprise that not even Roosevelt's New Deal could remedy. The dirty thirties, as many called it, was a time when the earth ran amok in southern plains for the better part of a decade. This great American tragedy, which was more devastating environmentally as well as economically than anything in America's past or present, painstakingly tested the spirit of the southern plainsmen. The proud folks of the south refused at first to accept government help, optimistically believing that better days were ahead. Some moved out of the plains, running from not only drought but from the new machine-controlled agriculture. As John Steinbeck wrote in the bestseller The Grapes of Wrath, it was not nature that broke the people-they could handle the drought. It was business farming, seeking a better return on land investments and buying tractors to pursue it, that had broken these people, smashing their identity as natural beings wedded to the land.(pg. 58) The machines, one-crop specialization, non-resident farming, and soil abuse were tangible threats to the American agriculture, but it was the capitalistic economic values behind these land exploitations that drove the plainsmen from their land and created the Dust Bowl. Eventually, after years of drought and dust storms, the plains people had to accept some form of aid or fall to the lowest ranks of poverty in the land, and possibly perish. The government set up agency after agency to try and give federal aid to the plains farmers. Groups such as the Farm Credit Administration, the Works Progress Administration, the Land Utilization Project, and the Agricultural Adjustment program, among others, were formed to give the plainsmen some sort of relief from the hardships of the Dust Bowl. In Cimarron county, Oklahoma 306 households were drawing government relief in June 1934: 60 of them were paid entirely in commodities, the rest mostly in cash (pg. 131). Roosevelt and the government continually contrived ways to give the plains aid, and when the Supreme Court ruled that a certain agency was unconstitutional, Roosevelt simply created another one in its place. In the end, Worster argues, the government agencies did not improve the lot of the large number of poor, marginal farmers, and in fact, none of the federal activities altered much of the factory-like culture of the plains.

Theres and There are

Theres and There are Theres and There are Theres and There are By Maeve Maddox An odd-looking contraction Ive noticed recently is therere for there are. Haiti Airport Baggage Handlers, Therere Just Too Many! Therere too many kids Therere Just A Few Days Left If Therere Seasons(song title) Contractions are supposed to be easy to say. For example, theyre for they are is easy to utter, but adding another re to there to create therere produces a word difficult to pronounce. I wonder if this nearly unpronounceable contraction may have something to do with the proliferation of theres to begin sentences in defiance of the rules of agreement between subject and verb: Theres ten members on the council. Perhaps the speaker knows better, but is in contraction mode and at the last minute decides that ungrammatical theres is a better choice than unpronounceable therere. Besides being difficult to pronounce, therere looks peculiar. In writing intended to be read by others, its probably best to avoid such ungainly contractions as therere and wherere. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 101Difference between "Pressing" and "Ironing"Honorary vs. Honourary

The Strength and Thickness of Carbon Fiber Cloth

The Strength and Thickness of Carbon Fiber Cloth Carbon fiber is the backbone of lightweight composites. Understanding what carbon fiber cloth is required knowing the manufacturing process and composite industry terminology. Below you will find information on carbon fiber cloth and what the different product codes and styles mean. Carbon Fiber Strength It needs to be understood that all carbon fiber is not equal. When the carbon is manufactured into fibers, special additives and elements are introduced to increase strength properties. The primary strength property that carbon fiber is judged upon, is modulus. Carbon is manufactured into tiny fibers through either the PAN or Pitch process. The carbon is manufactured in bundles of thousands of tiny filaments and wound onto a roll or bobbin. There are three major categories of raw carbon fiber: High Modulus Carbon Fiber (Aerospace Grade)Intermediate Modulus Carbon FiberStandard Modulus Carbon Fiber (Commercial Grade) Although we might come in contact with aerospace grade carbon fiber on an aircraft, such as the new 787 Dreamliner, or see it in a Formula 1 car on TV; the majority of us will likely come in contact with commercial grade carbon fiber more frequently. Common uses of commercial grade carbon fiber include: Sporting goodsCar hoods and aftermarket partsAccessories, like iPhone cases Each manufacturer of raw carbon fibers has their own nomenclature of the grade. For example, Toray Carbon Fiber calls their commercial grade T300, while Hexcels commercial grade is called AS4. Carbon Fiber Thickness As previously mentioned, raw carbon fiber is manufactured in tiny filaments (around 7 microns), these filaments are bundled into rovings which are wound onto spools. The spools of fiber are later used directly in processes like pultrusion or filament winding, or they can be woven into fabrics. These carbon fiber rovings are comprised of thousands of filaments and are almost always a standard amount. These are: 1,000 c (1k carbon fiber)3,000 filaments (3k carbon fiber)6,000 filaments (6k carbon fiber)12,000 filaments (12k carbon fiber) This is why if you hear an industry professional talking about carbon fiber, they might say, I am using a 3k T300 plain weave fabric. Well, now you will know that they are using a carbon fiber fabric that is woven with Toray standard modulus CF fiber, and it is using fiber that has 3,000 filaments per strand. It should go without saying then, that the thickness of a 12k carbon fiber roving will be twice that of a 6k, four times as a 3k, etc. Due to efficiencies in manufacturing, a thicker roving with more filaments, such as a 12k strand, is usually less expensive per pound than a 3k of equal modulus. Carbon Fiber Cloth Spools of carbon fiber are taken to a weaving loom, where the fibers are then woven into fabrics. The two most common types of weaves are plain weave and twill. Plain weave is a balanced checker board pattern, where each strand goes over then under each strand in the opposite direction. Whereas a twill weave looks like a wicker basket. Here, each strand goes over one opposing strand, then under two. Both twill and plain weaves have an equal amount of carbon fiber going each direction, and their strengths will be very similar. The difference is primarily an aesthetic appearance. Every company that weaves carbon fiber fabrics will have their own terminology. For example, a 3k plain weave by Hexcel is called HexForce 282, and is commonly called 282 (two eighty-two) for short. This fabric has 12 strands of 3k carbon fiber per inch, in each direction.

Analyse or evaluate macroeconomic problem using appropriate macro Essay

Analyse or evaluate macroeconomic problem using appropriate macro economic theory. (no keynsian cross or IS-LM model) - Essay Example The results were evidenced in the forms of reduce activity in the stock market and collapse of financial institutions. This caused massive job losses and it had a direct impact on the price of goods. Prices of most commodities went up due to economic effects of cost in production and unavailability of capital which had an inflationary effect on the country’s economy (Buttet & Roy, 2014). Since the occurrence of the credit crunch, countries have been on different recovery paths that have been determined greatly by the policies and financial strategies laid by their leaderships. Since the main focus of this paper is to compare the different growths, the paper shall also look into how the DAD-DAS model has been applied and how it has or has not worked in both the best performing country and the worst performing country in the G7 group (Chiarella et al, 2013). The information available indicates Britain to be the best performing G7 country with a GDP growth rate of 2.6% compared to the United States of America whose GDP growth rate comes second at 2.4% per year. The economic performance in Britain has been attributed to improved consumer confidence, stabilisation of interest rates and reduced inflation rates in the country. Other G7 countries such as Germany, France, Canada, Japan and Italy have recorded low growth rates which have also been attributed to a slow growth in consumer confidence and high inflation rates (Ghosh & Ghosh, 2012). There exists several relationships that make up the DAD-DAS model and they are inflation, interest rates, demand shocks and supply shocks. These are based on the thinking that if there is an expectation of inflation then it will definitely occur. This means that if a population expects inflation to be at a certain level at a particular point in time, then inflation will possibly occur even without the causative effects from other factors. The second reasoning is that excess demand will most likely cause

Illusion and Perspective in Renaissance Art Essay

Illusion and Perspective in Renaissance Art - Essay Example Studiolo literally translates into "study" ("Studiolo"), and that is what its owner intended for it to be when he had it installed in the ducal palace in the small town of Gubbio in Italy. Federico de Montefeltro (1422-1482), the Duke of Urbino, commissioned the studiolo in 1476 as an in-house center for intellectual pursuits ("Studiolo"), for the study and perusal of private papers, as well as for keeping precious belongings. It was also an effective conversation-piece for special guests, launching them into conversations they were unlikely to forget for a long time. But walking around the room and marveling at the excellent craftsmanship around me, I couldn't help but feel that it had a much deeper purpose. I imagined that whenever the duke allowed friends and visitors to step into this tiny enclave, it was like he was allowing them a privileged peek through a window, or in this case, many windows into his very soul. Through a very clever style of wood inlaying known as intarsia, de Montefeltro's designer Baccio Pontelli succeeded in showcasing practically every facet of the duke's personality and vast range of interests in a creatively personal manner. The Metropolitan Museum of Art describes the technique as using "thousands of tiny pieces of different kinds of wood to create the illusion of walls lined with cupboards. Their lattice doors are open, revealing a dazzling array of the accoutrements of the duke's life" ("Studiolo"). At the core of this technique is the use of the illusionistic perspective-an interesting contrast or, some say, complement to the humanistic realism that was prevalent in Renaissance art. The art of illusion, or trompe l'oeil (French for "fool the eye"), presents a scene in order to fool the viewer into mistaking it for reality ("The Illusion"). The pictorial images on the wood panels of the studiolo look three-dimensional, obviously designed to make the viewer think that what he is seeing is real. As a patron of the arts, de Montefeltro would have belonged to that class of people in Renaissance Italy who could afford to have special works commissioned by expensive artists. Having the studiolo done by a top-calibre craftman showed his prominent stature in society. The tiny room's contents further exhibited his passion for the liberal arts-literature, music, mathematics, astronomy and the military arts- which, more often than not, were the domain of the learned uppercrust in 15th to 16th century Europe. His love for learning was evident by the 30 or so books showcased in the cabinets. The presence of citterns, lutes, and harps showed that he probably preferred delicate music, such as medieval chansons and types of Baroque music. Hanging from a hook on the top shelf of one of the panels is an armillary sphere, an astronomical instrument used in the fifteenth century for teaching elementary astronomy ("Studiolo"). One of the most interesting items on display was an octagonal bird cage that is seen through a half-open cabinet, and in it is perched a parakeet and its seed box. Since such exotic birds and animals could only be owned by royalty and other wealthy citizens, one can conclude that the duke was truly a person of great importance during his time. The parakeet, it seems, was a status symbol. It would

The Effect of Foreign Trade on Tthe Nigerian Economy Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Foreign Trade on Tthe Nigerian Economy Essay Everyday, the need for foreign trade is on the increase as the needs of man is unlimited (Adams Smith). This is visible in the rise for consumer goods and services throughout the world especially with the increase in world population of over 6 billion people. Man with his advancement in social interaction and technology is able to visualize and perceive in his mind what he desires. This was obvious with the industrial revolution where production demand increased. With the location of raw materials in different geographical zones making them ubiquitous in some areas and scarce in others, the demand for certain goods is on the increase, which gave rise to the concept of foreign trade†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . .Foreign trade exists alongside domestic trade, which has also undergone transformation from the old style of â€Å"trade by barter† to â€Å"business†. In the light of this, Nigeria as a nation participates in foreign trade. Foreign trade as defined by Longe, (2008) is the buying and selling of goods and services beyond the geographical boundaries of a country or between one country and the other. Foreign trade also referred to as international trade, can be bilateral or multilateral and involves the use of different currencies. The Economic glossary defines foreign trade as the exchange of goods and services between countries, and as such, it goes ahead to explain that the inclination for one country to trade with another is based in large part on the idea of comparative advantage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Foreign trade is just an extension of production, exchange and consumption of goods and services that are fundamental part of life. The Wikipedia encyclopedia defines foreign trade (international trade) as the exchange of capital, goods and services across international borders or territories. In such countries, such trade represents a significant share of the GDP. Foreign trade comprises of imports, exports, and entreports. The economic, social and political importance of foreign trade has been on the rise recently due to specialization in production. Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, Multinational Corporation and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the global foreign trade system. Increasing foreign trade is very important to the growth of globalization as international trade assist in bridging the gap and creates availability of goods and services to other nations. The aim of foreign trade is to increase production and to raise the standard of living of the people. Foreign trade enables citizens of a country have access and enjoy the products of another country. According to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. reasons for foreign trade are for the following reasons; uneven distribution of natural resources due to difference in climate, division of labor and specialization, difference in economic growth rate, theory of comparative cost, availability of all types of goods, increased standard of living, large scale production and stable price. According to the theory of comparative cost, each country should concentrate on the production of those goods for which it is best suited, taking into account its natural resources, climate, labour supply, technical-know-how and the level of development. Akeem (2011) explains that foreign trade plays a vital role in restructuring economic and social attributes of countries around the world. Aids to trade includes; banking, warehousing, insurance, transportation and advertisement. According to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. , there arises challenges in implementing foreign nations involved in foreign trade is done using exchange of currency Increase in tariff, high duty on some imported goods as well as some export goods. Exposure to risk since they are transported either through the road, air, rail and sea. 2. Poor intermodal transport network in developing countries such as Nigeria. 3. Poor government policies on trade and industrialization. 4. Corruption and unaccountability. 5. Insurgence of terror groups globally acts as a threat to foreign trade. 6. Late payment for goods which results to demurrage and high port charges. 7. Language barrier slows foreign trade. With a geographical land mass of about 923,768sqkm, Nigeria is located along the Atlantic coast line. The location of natural resources in almost every part of the country has attracted trade domestically and internationally. These resources include cash crop, food crop, solid mineral, livestock and aquatic life. During this period, the industry in existence was the extractive industry and the scale of production was minimal. There existed trade by barter, the use of cowries, and coins as the medium of exchange. Nigeria experienced foreign trade with the insurgence of the British, Portuguese etc, who explored the country and tapped our natural resources. The colonial masters journeyed into the hinterland and assisted in the construction of the early road networks and later, rail lines which connected major cities to the ports in Lagos, Port Harcourt and Calabar. These routes provided means of transportation for the export of cash crops like palm oil, cocoa, groundnut, rubber, etc to the industries in Europe and America. Between the periods of 2005 and 2010, many industries e. g. Unilver, located in Nigeria relocated to neighboring West African countries and their home base because of the numerous problems such as epileptic power supply, high tariff on import, corruption, inadequate social infrastructure and high tax rates imposed on them by the government. These factors have affected Nigeria’s foreign trade, especially with her over dependence on crude oil which was discovered in Oloibiri, Bayelsa State, formerly Rivers.

Ted Bundy: The Mind of a Killer Essay -- Psychology

Ted Bundy was an American born rapist, a necrophile; a serial killer and a kidnapper who assaulted and murdered several young women during the 1970’s. The criminal kept on denying the charges for more than ten years and later confessed of having committed the thirty homicide crimes in seven different states before his execution (Rule, 2009). Bundy’s handsome and charismatic appearance made it possible for him to easily win the confidence of young women who were always his targets. He broke into the dwellings of his victims at night and bludgeoned them as they slept. He also approached young women in public places where he impersonated as an authority figure or feigned injury on his victim before empowering and assaulting at a more secluded area where he left them dead (Rule, 2009). Upon execution of his criminal acts, Bundy often visited the secondary scene of crime where he performed sexual acts with the decomposing bodies of the victims until destruction by wild animals or decomposition made further interaction with the bodies impossible. In addition to these criminal acts, Bundy decapitated heads of some of his victims and kept their heads in his residence for a period of time as mementos (Rule, 2009). The cases involving Bundy and his victims are cases of murder, rape, necrophile and kidnapping. These are capital offences that were well planned and executed by the perpetuator who made subsequent follow-ups of his criminal acts by visiting the secondary scene of crime. Description of offender’s psychological history and functioning at the time of the offence is based on statistical approach which involves the analysis of behavioural and other relevant information found at the scene of crime in order to infer ... ...ical and physical satisfaction from the acts. Understanding of psychological theories helps criminologists to design appropriate correctional strategies to mitigate crime. Works Cited Eysenck, H.J., & Gudjonsson, G.H. (1989). The causes and cures of criminality. Contemporary Psychology, 36, 575-577. Freud, S. (1961). The Complete Works of Sigmund Freud. London: Hogarth. Henry, S., & Charles, M. (1982). Social Learning Theory. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 3 (4), 55-62. Rule, A. (Ed). (2009). The Stranger Beside Me. New York: Pocket Books. Winfree, T., & Abadinsky, H. (2nd Ed.). (2003). Understanding Crime: Theory and Practice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth publishers. Woodhams, J., & Toye, K. (2007). Empirical Tests of Assumption of Case Linkages & Offender’s profiling with Commercial Robbery. Psychology, Law & Public Policy, 13 (1), 58-84.

Hamlet and Structural Functionalism Essay

In the famous play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, family takes an enormous part in the failure in the main character, Hamlet. What is interesting about his family dynamic and the way his family affects Hamlet’s actions, is that it directly correlates to Emile Durkheim’s theory on structural functionalism. It is a theory that studies our social structure and culture, and how they work together and affect us. Durkheim suggests that our social system is made up of a bunch of different parts and when one of these components gets taken away, we suffer and go into normlessness- which Durkheim refers to as anomie. Anomie is an indication of a loss of our sense of values and rules of conduct, creating problems. In relation to the play Hamlet, we can establish a connection between structural functionalism and Hamlet’s family through the losses he encounters throughout the book. While dealing with the death and re-appearance of his father, his uncle’s deceit and his mother’s betrayal, he finds himself falling into anomie while overthinking, and becoming mad in result of his loneliness. In the beginning of the play Hamlet, we are promptly made aware of Hamlet’s family situation and what has recently happened with his father, Old Hamlet. When a child is born, the parent of the same sex as the child will usually be the one they feel the biggest connection with. There’s a feeling of common understanding, and when one gets that individual taken away it truly is devastating. That is how it was for Hamlet. We get to see the gravity of his father’s death destroying his optimism, when he’s talking to Claudius and tells him that people can act sad, but he has real grief beneath the clothes that he wears. â€Å"Together with all forms, moods, shapes of grief, That can denote me truly. These indeed â€Å"seem,† For they are actions that a man might play. But I have that within which passeth show, These but the trappings and the suits of woe.† (1, 2, 83). Two scenes later, we are showed how the death of his father affects his mental state. When Horatio and Hamlet lay eyes on the ghost in scene 4, Horatio begs Hamlet not to follow him. â€Å"What if it tempt you toward the flood, my lord, Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff That beetles o’er his base into the sea, †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1, 4, 72). Hamlet answers him with a shocking comeback and follows the mysterious figure into the mist. â€Å"Why, what should be the fear? I do not set my life in a pin’s fee, And for my soul—what can it do to that, Being a thing immortal as itself? It waves me forth again. I’ll follow it.† (1, 4, 67) This quote reveals Hamlet’s opinion on his self-worth. He explains to Horatio that he does not value his life. If Hamlet’s father had not died, and he had not been so fragile and in such grief, there would have been a significant difference in the way that he handled the situation. His father’s death, r ight from the beginning of the play, started affecting his sense of values and rules of conduct- leaving him in a state of normlessness. This is what spun the chaos of Hamlet into action, starting Hamlet out on his path to self-destruction, eventually to the point where his death is the result of his own medalling. In the words of a man who lived long ago, â€Å"what we fear, we create.† After the death of his father Hamlet continues to mourn the loss, as one would usually do if their parent were to decease. Oddly enough, his own mother and lest we forget; the recent wife of his father, says to him: â€Å"Do not for ever with thy vailed lids Seek for thy noble father in the dust: Thou know’st ’tis common; all that lives must die,   Passing through nature to eternity.† (1.2.2) This is shocking because normally, if one’s spouse has passed away they would experience some sort of great grief, however Gertrude takes little discomfort in the matter and in the quote above, tells him not to fret, for everybody must die at some point. To this, Hamlet says to himself, â€Å"O, God! a beast, that wants discourse of reason, Would have mourn’d longer–married with my uncle,My father’s brother, but no more like my father Than I to Hercules: [†¦]† (1.2.151). Clearly her insensitiveness and incentive to quickly re-marry angers Hamlet. How could she not mourn the death of her own husband, and re-marry his brother almost right after? Hamlet demonstrates great disgust for his mother and accuses her of incest. â€Å"She [Gertrude] married. O, most wicked speed, to post. With such dexterity to incestuous sheets! It is not nor it cannot come to good: But break, my heart; for I must hold my tongue.† (1.2.158). With the loss of his own mother, Hamlet (as would any child) starts to act out and feel a loss of control. We see this in his quote in act 1 scene 2: â€Å"O, that this too too solid flesh would melt Thaw and resolve itself into a dew! Or that the Everlasting had not fix’d His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter! O God! God! How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable, Seem to me all the uses of this world! (128) Here, Hamlet talks about how he wishes God had not declared suicide a sin, and how pointless life is to him now. This is huge because we get to see how the loss of his mother is affecting his sanity. He needs his mother to support and protect him, yet she is nowhere to be found. Rather, she is with the man that he needs to be protected from. This affects his sense of values and rules of conduct- leaving him in a state of normlessness. This is just another push from Gertrude to Hamlet towards his death (failure) in the end of the play. Meanwhile, Hamlet’s uncle and new step father Claudius is being a â€Å"villain, villain, smiling, damned villain!† (107) as Hamlet describes him in act 1 scene 5, because he feels that Claudius has been deceitful and betrayed his own brother. Which he in fact has. In act 3 scene 3, Claudius says he feels guilty for murdering Old Hamlet, yet he states, â€Å"That cannot be [Claudius cannot ask God to accept his apology), since I am still possessed Of those effects for which I did the murder: My crown, mine own ambition, and my queen.† (56) Revealing that he knows that he cannot as for forgiveness when he is still in possession of his brother’s belongings and is not ready to let them go. This whole affair leaves Hamlet very clearly bitter and upset with him. In act 3 scene 4, Hamlet’s mother says to him, â€Å"Hamlet, thou hast thy father much offended.† (9) And he replies with a snarky remark claiming that Claudius is not his father at all, and that the one doing the real offending is her (Gertrude) to his father (Old Hamlet). â€Å"Mother, you have my father much offended.† (3.4.10) This quote proves to us how betrayed he feels by his uncle. Three scenes before these quotes, Hamlet presents his â€Å"to be, or not to be† soliloquy about suicide. â€Å"To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles.† (3.1.57) He, again, is debating whether or not he should kill himself. This validates the theory that he is losing his mind due to his uncle’s actions, and essentially the robbing of his uncle entirely as a person that he once put his trust into. It affects Hamlet’s sense of values and rules of conduct- leaving him in a state of normlessness, pushing him even more off of the edge towards failure. Hamlet’s inability to remain mentally stable throughout the play is in the fault of the unfortunate death of one parental figure, the betrayal of the other, and the people that he invested into emotionally whom ultimately took advantage of his trust. When a kid is faced with such instability it becomes ridiculously difficult for them to continue on as fully functioning, emotionally stable human beings. When the most important people in Hamlet’s life disappeared, he started to go into normlessness, like we would if we were to lose a vital component in our society, such as the government. He fell into anomie, losing his sense of values and rules of conduct, creating multiple problems within himself. We see this as he overthinks throughout the entire play. He cannot make conscious decisions, think, or function properly. In conclusion, Emile Durkheim’s theory on structural functionalism does in fact directly correlate to Hamlet’s family and their part in his f ailure.

Catcher in the Rye Symbolism

The Dangers of Isolation in The Catcher in the Rye It is normal to want to get away from all of the problems of the world, but it is not normal to want to be completely isolated from people. Holden wanted to have no human contact what so ever, and that is not normal. Throughout the book Holden expresses a rebellious attitude toward the world, and this rebellious attitude comes from his infatuation with being alone. He isolates himself from the world because he has not yet found himself and is searching. Holden feels that he must find himself alone with no one else's help. Holden expresses his rebellious side when he gets kicked out of school, again. Holden doesn't like school because he doesn't like doing activities that he loses patience for and sees no point in doing them. Holden also is rebellious in the way that he smokes and drinks when he is a minor. He is an excessive smoker and turns to alcohol to suppress his feelings of depression, which are signs of alcoholism. This behavior is not unheard of, but is rare for a 16-year-old to become an alcoholic. From this rebellious attitude Holden becomes isolated from those around him. His first act of isolation with a combination of rebellion is when Holden doesn't go to the game in the beginning of the book. Everyone was going to be there and he doesn't want to be like everyone else. Getting kicked out of school is another example of him rebelling and the cause of it being isolation. After he leaves Pency, Holden meets up with an old friend of his, Sally. After hanging out with her for awhile Holden asks her if she wants to run away with him. From this we learn that he has a desire to get away from the world. From this quote that Holden said we can tell how much he wants to run away, â€Å"I thought what I'd do was, I'd pretend I was one of those deaf-mutes. That way I wouldn't have to have any god dam stupid useless conversations with anybody. If anybody wanted to tell me something, they'd have to write it on a piece of paper and shove it over to me. They'd get bored as hell doing that after awhile, and then I'd be through with having conversations for the rest of my life†(p 198). Upon being kicked out of school, Holden decides to go on a little vacation. In this short period of time Holden goes through many tribulations. To get from place to place Holden takes taxicabs. During these rides Holden asks the cab drivers if they know where the ducks go when the pond freezes over. The reactions from the cab drivers are different each time, but his recurring concern about the ducks seems to be symbolic of Holden's desire for purpose and direction. While he is by himself, Holden doesn't stay in one place for very long. He didn't know where to go next just like he didn't know where his life was going. During his time by himself, Holden imagines becoming a deaf-mute and running away. Holden wants to use his imagination to feel more connected to the world and his emotions. He does this because in his fantasy world he can control what happens and in real life he wanted to do the same. Towards the end of the book, Holden loses more and more of his sense of reality. If he had stayed on this path he would have lost all sense of reality. All of these feelings that Holden had were each the cause of themselves. He kept going around in a destructive and unproductive cycle, which would be hard to break. In the end of the book, Holden didn't ride the merry-go-round because he wanted to break that cycle. He wanted to be there for his sister and see her grow up. He wanted to be a part of life, and the world. In order to do that he would need some help, and the mental hospital was the perfect place for the kind of help Holden needed.

Free Essays on Lucille Clifton

Lucille Clifton In the poems â€Å"The Lost Baby Poem†, â€Å"She Understands Me†, and â€Å"Homage to My Hips†, Lucille Clifton is letting the reader know how she feels about life issues. In the three poems, Clifton does a great job of simplifying reproduction, abortion, and beauty. She makes very strong points about the way she feels. Clifton’s poems seem guided by her own experience and consciousness. In â€Å"She Understands Me†, the author is telling us about the time she had a baby; how she lived through her child again. In â€Å"The Lost Baby Poem†, Clifton is telling us about abortion, and how it must have been for the baby, and the way she felt about abortion. In â€Å"Homage to My Hips†, the author is telling us how she looks, and that she can get any man she wants. Her style throughout these poems is simple, very descriptive, and constant. Clifton’s poems are simple in language, complex in ideas, and reflective of everyday issues. In â€Å"The Lost Baby Poem,† Clifton explains why the mother did not have her child. It would have been born in winter, in a time where she had financial problems. Perhaps she would have given up her baby for adoption. Lucille Clifton uses the image of water and drowning to speak of the abortion through, â€Å"waters rushing.† She also uses the image of poverty through, â€Å"disconnected gas, and no car.† In the last lines of the poem, â€Å"Let the rivers pour over my head,† â€Å"Let black men call me stranger,† I believe the image is that the woman promises her unborn child that she will be the best mother to the children she already has, and that if she breaks her promise she should get punished by those things. The woman described in this poem sounds like she was strong. Clifton uses shot sentences, with no capitalization, and punctuation. In â€Å"Homage to My Hips,† Clifton captures the reality and symbolism of the body. She uses her body to express herself, as she accepts it as it is, ... Free Essays on Lucille Clifton Free Essays on Lucille Clifton Lucille Clifton In the poems â€Å"The Lost Baby Poem†, â€Å"She Understands Me†, and â€Å"Homage to My Hips†, Lucille Clifton is letting the reader know how she feels about life issues. In the three poems, Clifton does a great job of simplifying reproduction, abortion, and beauty. She makes very strong points about the way she feels. Clifton’s poems seem guided by her own experience and consciousness. In â€Å"She Understands Me†, the author is telling us about the time she had a baby; how she lived through her child again. In â€Å"The Lost Baby Poem†, Clifton is telling us about abortion, and how it must have been for the baby, and the way she felt about abortion. In â€Å"Homage to My Hips†, the author is telling us how she looks, and that she can get any man she wants. Her style throughout these poems is simple, very descriptive, and constant. Clifton’s poems are simple in language, complex in ideas, and reflective of everyday issues. In â€Å"The Lost Baby Poem,† Clifton explains why the mother did not have her child. It would have been born in winter, in a time where she had financial problems. Perhaps she would have given up her baby for adoption. Lucille Clifton uses the image of water and drowning to speak of the abortion through, â€Å"waters rushing.† She also uses the image of poverty through, â€Å"disconnected gas, and no car.† In the last lines of the poem, â€Å"Let the rivers pour over my head,† â€Å"Let black men call me stranger,† I believe the image is that the woman promises her unborn child that she will be the best mother to the children she already has, and that if she breaks her promise she should get punished by those things. The woman described in this poem sounds like she was strong. Clifton uses shot sentences, with no capitalization, and punctuation. In â€Å"Homage to My Hips,† Clifton captures the reality and symbolism of the body. She uses her body to express herself, as she accepts it as it is, ...

Base and Superstructure Definition of Marxs Terms

Base and Superstructure Definition of Marxs Terms Base and superstructure are two linked theoretical concepts developed by Karl Marx, one of the founders of sociology. Simply put, base refers to the forces and relations of production- to all the people, relationships between them, the roles that they play, and the materials and resources involved in producing the things needed by society. Thomas Lohnes / Getty Images Superstructure Superstructure, quite simply and expansively, refers to all other aspects of society. It includes culture, ideology (world views, ideas, values, and beliefs), norms and expectations, identities that people inhabit, social institutions (education, religion, media, family, among others), the political structure, and the state (the political apparatus that governs society). Marx argued that the superstructure grows out of the base, and reflects the interests of the ruling class that controls it. As such, the superstructure justifies how the base operates, and in doing so, justifies the power of the ruling class. From a sociological standpoint, it’s important to recognize that neither the base nor the superstructure is naturally occurring, nor are they static. They are both social creations (created by people in a society), and both are the accumulation of social processes and interactions between people that are constantly playing out, shifting, and evolving. Extended Definition Marx theorized that the superstructure effectively grows out of the base and that it reflects the interests of the ruling class that controls the base (called the â€Å"bourgeoisie† in Marx’s time). In The German Ideology, written with Friedrich Engels, Marx offered a critique of Hegel’s theory of how society operates, which was based on principles of Idealism. Hegel asserted that ideology determines social lifethat the reality of the world around us is determined by our mind, by our thoughts. Historical Shifts to a Capitalist Mode of Production Considering historical shifts in relations of production, most importantly, the shift from feudalist to capitalist production, Marx was not content with Hegel’s theory. He believed that the shift to a capitalist mode of production had sweeping implications for the social structure, culture, institutions, and ideology of society- that it reconfigured the superstructure in drastic ways. He posed instead a â€Å"materialist† way of understanding history (â€Å"historical materialism†), which is the idea that the material conditions of our existence, what we produce in order to live and how we go about doing so, determines all else in society. Building on this idea, Marx posed a new way of thinking about the relationship between thought and lived reality with his theory of the relationship between base and superstructure. Importantly, Marx argued that this is not a neutral relationship. There is a lot at stake in the way the superstructure emerges out of the base, because as the place where norms, values, beliefs, and ideology reside, the superstructure serves to legitimate the base. The superstructure creates the conditions in which the relations of production seem right, just, or even natural, though, in reality, they may be deeply unjust, and designed to benefit only the minority ruling class, rather than the majority working class. Marx argued that religious ideology that urged people to obey authority and work hard for salvation in the afterlife was a way in which superstructure justifies the base because it generates an acceptance of one’s conditions as they are. Following Marx, Antonio Gramsci elaborated on the role of education in training people to obediently serve in their designated roles in the division of labor, depending upon into which class they were born. Marx and Gramsci also wrote about the role of the state- the political apparatus- in protecting the interests of the ruling class. In recent history, state bailouts of collapsing private banks is an example of this. Early Writing In his early writing, Marx was very committed to the principles of historical materialism, and the related one-way causal relationship between base and superstructure. However, as his theory evolved and grew more complex over time, Marx reframed the relationship between base and superstructure as dialectical, meaning that each influences what happens in the other. Thus, if something changes in the base, it causes changes in the superstructure, and vice versa. Marx believed in the possibility of a revolution among the working class because he thought that once workers realized the extent to which they were exploited and harmed for the benefit of the ruling class, then they would decide to change things, and a significant change in the base, in terms of how goods are produced, by whom, and on what terms, would follow.

Queer studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Queer studies - Essay Example It has been used by women to monitor on the differences in gender and sexuality matters for the last two decades. Assemblage and intersectionality have however, been incompatible as they are not analogous when compared in terms of content or utility. Analytics have not be bring collectively the theory since they are oppositional. The restrictions and potential of every and what might be increased by viewing them from side to side and with each other. The force of each in the territory of political theory happens through planning of these two genealogies. The notions ton the political principles of women  awareness in invention which has been motivated by individual women, by the permission of intersectional analysis to find out what type of features are probable for feminist hypothesis (Hall, 2013). In What Concrete Ways Could Puar’s And Manalansan’s Analyses Be Exemplifying What Eng, Halberstam and Munoz Calls for to be â€Å"A Renewed Queer Studies Ever Vigilant To The Fact That Sexuality Is Intersectional†? Make Sure To Discuss Both Puar And Manalansan. Around 1990 queer emerged into public consciousness. It had been a term that challenged the normalizing mechanisms of state power to call its sexual subjects: male or feminine, married or single, heterosexual or homosexual, natural or perverse. Given its commitment to interrogating the social processes that not solely created and recognized however conjointly normalized and sustained identity, the political promise of the term resided speci?cally units broad critique of multiple social antagonisms, as well as race, gender, class, position, and religion, additionally to gender. The modern mainstreaming of gay and lesbian identity—as a mass-mediated shopper lifestyle and embattled legal category—demands a revived queer studies ever wakeful to the actual fact that sex is intersectional, not extraneous to other modes of distinction, and label to a ?rm understanding of queer as a political image whereas not a?xed referent (Beemyn & Eliason, 1996). A revived queer studies, moreover, insists on a broadened thought of the late-twentieth-century international crises that have con?gured historical relations among political economies, the politics of war and terror, and national manifestations of sexual, racial, and gendered hierarchies. The following sixteen essays—largely authored by a younger generation of queer scholars—map out academic degree imperative intellectual and political piece of ground for queer studies and conjointly the trendy politics of identity, kinship, and belonging. insistence on queer studies’ intellectual and political relevance to an honest ?eld of social critique, these essays worth variety of the ?elds most very important theoretical insights whereas realigning its political attentions, historical foci, and disciplinary accounts. Broadly, these scholars examine the boundaries of queer philosophy, the denaturalizi ng potentials of queer diasporas, and conjointly the rising assumptions of what may well be called queer liberalism. Jointly, they rethink queer critique in respect to a number of historical emergencies, to borrow from Bruno Walter Benjamin, of every national and international consequence (Johnson & Henderson, 2005). References Hall, D. (2013). The Routledge queer studies reader. London: Routledge. Johnson, E. P., & Henderson, M. (2005). Black queer studies: A critical anthology. Durham, NC: Duke

Discussion board forum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion board forum - Assignment Example Advertisement policy for target recruitment strategy can be denoted by certain population as fair. Some of valid reasons behind the implementation of target recruiting strategy are recruitment of the special KSAOs, attract employees who are passive, making further relationship with the former employees and filling the diversity gaps in the organization. But the reality is that targeted recruitment can help organization to bring diversity in the workplace. This resembles the fact that the targeting recruiting strategy is unfair regardless of its minimal advantage to bring diversity. Some of the organization provide target recruitment message by taking in to consideration gender and minorities. The system is regarded as unfair when certain member of the community is targeted exclusively. The fairness of the message to target member denies providing equal opportunity to the other groups of people who do not have the chance to view the message (Gatewood, 2010). Organization may sometimes target particular groups who may be more mature workers. This creates a sense of unfairness on the mind of other groups of people who thinks that they are been ignored and can lead to demotivation. Every employee has the right to vie the necessary requirement for the job. Every workplace must be diverse and reduce the poor performance of the employee. Targeting recruitment strategy can take much longer time and could eventually cost more than that of normal recruitment strategy. This can also lessen the morale of the employee which can rather lead to less in productivity. Bias on one age group can create a sense of negative motivation on the employees. The application of target recruitment strategy can create a sense of inflexibility among the employee. Every organization must implement change management in the organization to sustain in the

Anti-globalization movement Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Anti-globalization movement - Case Study Example The term globalisation has come become popular only since the 1980s and since then protest against globalisation started, the term anti-globalisation also became popular at almost the same time. The groups and individuals belonging to "anti-globalization movement" developed in the late twentieth century to resist the globalization of corporate economic activity and the free trade with developing nations that might result from such activity. For instance, these organisations are against the proliferation of multi-national corporations especially in the third world. Technological advances have made it easier and quicker to complete international transactions both trade of goods and financial flows. In other words globalisation refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity-village markets, urban industries, or financial centers. There by turning the world into a global village. However, the opportunities provided by globalisation in real sense in not the same for all the countries and hence it has created an economic imbalance. This has resulted in the emergence of groups protesting against globalisation. ... rge corporations, as exercised in trade agreements and elsewhere, which they say undermines democracy, the environment, labor rights, national sovereignty, the third world, and other concerns (Wikipedia n. pag, 2007). There are several concerns that has been put forth by the anti-globalization movement. The people who oppose globalisation or the anti-globalisation movement argue that globalisation has been the main reason for enhancing poverty and claim that the creation of an unfettered international free market has benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local enterprises, local cultures, and common people. Where as proponents of globalisation argue that it allows poor countries to develop economically and raise their standards of living. Hence resistance to globalization has been a result of people and governments trying to manage the flow of capital, labour, goods, and ideas that make up the current wave of globalization (Silicon Valley n.pag). Globalisation has been criticized on many fronts by politicians, members of conservative think tanks, mainstream economists, and other supporters of market-based economic integration. One of the major concern put forth by the anti-globalization movement, is that the major causes of poverty amongst developing and underdeveloped world. For instance, poor farmers in these countries face trade barriers. Besides it hs also been claimed by these groups that unemployment has also increased in third world countries. Another criticism against the movement is that, although it protests about things that are widely recognized as serious problems, such as human rights violations, genocide and global warming, these movements have never tired to solve these porbems. In many instances these

Encephalitis Is An Infection Of The Brain Biology Essay

Encephalitis Is An Infection Of The Brain Biology Essay Encephalitis is an infection of the brain that cause of irritation and inflammation to the brain Medical Encylopedia, 2012. Primary encephalitis is happened when the infection of the brain or spinal cord. Secondary encephalitis is happened when the infection is started to spread to the whole body and to the brain (Nordqvist, 2009). Encephalitis is a swelling of the brain parenchyma (nervous tissue in brain) that responsible for function of electrochemical communication and the ability of body to send message to different parts (david) http://www.doereport.com/imagescooked/4049W.jpg Goodman (2003) argued that encephalitis is an acute inflammatory disease of the parenchyma of the brain. It is caused by direct viral invasion or hypersensitivity initiated by a virus. Encephalitis is characterized by inflammation primarily in the gray matter of the central nervous system (CNS). Neuronal death can result in edema. There can be damage to the vascular system and inflammation of the arachnoid and pia matter. 1.1.1 Encephalitis http://findlaw.doereport.com/imagescooked/4047W.jpg Debbie Bridges (2012) argue that encephalitis is a swelling of the brain tissue, it will become serious when it can cause change personality, debility and another symptoms with the different part of brain affected. It usually happened to children and elder with low immune system. It is very rare, in U.S, about one in 200,000 people in year. Nordqvist (2009) agreed that encephalitis is acute inflammation of the brain because immune system of the body is too low to attacks viral infection. Fever and headache usually the first symptoms and it become more dangerous like unconsciousness, confusion and coma. The patient will be faced a problem such as behaviour changes, loss of memory, language and speech problem (aphasia) and epilepsy. Arthropod à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ borne (mosquito à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ borne) viruses and herpes simplex (herpes simplex type 1) are the most common that causes encephalitis. Encephalitis is an acute febrile disease usually of viral origin and involves with nervous system (). 1.1.2 Viral Meningoencephalitis According to kumar 2004, viral encephalitis is infection of the brain at parenchymal almost constantly associated with meningoencephalitis (meningeal inflammation) and sometimes with encephalomyelitis (involves spinal cord). 1.2 Anatomy of brain http://healthy-lifestyle.most-effective-solution.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/human-anatomy-brain.jpg Figure Anatomy of the brain http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/dura-mater-superior-sagittal-sinus-subdural-space-subarachnoid-space-falx-cerebri-periosteal-meningeal-arachnoid-villus.jpg Figure Layer of meninges The brain is protected by the scalp, the skull and the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid and blood-brain barrier. The structures of brain consists cerebellum, cerebrum, brainstem and pituitary gland. Layer of meninges include the dura mater (strongest layer), arachnoid mater) and pia mater (nearest to the brain). (Stephen n all 2010). Antranik (2011) states that meninges are surround the brain and protect the brain itself. The function meninges is cover and protect the blood vessel that supply at brain and contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the pia mater and arachnoid mater. Dura mater consists periosteal and meningeal at immediately deep to the poriosteum. Tortora (2009) notes that the function of the blood- brain barrier (BBB) is to protect the brain from harmful substances and pathogens by prevent it enter brain through blood. The function of CSF is protecting the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injury. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. Each area of cerebrum is the most important function for example controls movement and languages. The function of cerebellum is control coordination and movement. Function of brainstem is control involuntary functions such as blood pressure, temperature and breathing movement. The structure that controls of the endocrine gland is pituitary gland (Stephen 2010) 1.3 Type of Encephalitis Western equine encephalitis is arboviral infection that spread by mosquitoes which more occur in summer and most common in young children. St. Louis encephalitis is more usually at United States and affected older person. It is more seriously than younger person. West Nile fever is a form of encephalitis that caused by falvivirus, spread by mosquitoes with certain birds as an intermediate host. Encephalitis has spread from northeastern United States. Neuroborreliosis (lyme disease) is due by a spirochete, transmitted by tick bites in summer season. The part of the tick bite is red with a pale center and gradually increasing size. Herpes simplex encephalitis is arising from spread of herpes simplex virus type 1 from the trigeminal nerve ganglion. It is occurs occasionally and dangerous. This encephalitis can cause extensive necrosis and haemorrhage in the brain and usually involves the frontal and temporal lobes figures .. http://neuropathology-web.org/chapter5/images5/5-hsvl.jpg Figure heamorrhagic necrosis of the temporal and frontal lobe in adult Herpes Simplex Virus encephalitis. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Causes encephalitis Figure 2 a herpes simplex virus the most common cause encephalitis. Viral infection is the cause that affects the encephalitis. Encephalitis may be cause with different type of viruses. Herpes simplex virus is the main cause of severe cases in all ages including newborns. The person will get this virus from an infected person through breathing in respiratory droplets and skin contact. It can also through by insect bites like a mosquito and contaminated food or drink. Arbovirus encephalitis is a viral encephalitis that carried by insect (mosquito and ticks). It is rare condition where severe case more likely is happened to young children and elderly. Picture of Culex mosquito laying eggs Figure Culex mosquito laying eggs Picture of arbovirus transmission cycle It also may cause by a vaccine such as rubella, mumps and measles (Kathryn Sue 1994). Adenovirus, coxsackievirus. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus and Echovirus are also associated with encephalitis. A number of viruses for which there is now a vaccine may also cause encephalitis. These include meales, mumps, polio, rabies, rubella, varicella (chickenpox). Other causes of encephalitis may be occurring by an allergic reaction to vaccinations, autoimmune disease, bacteria (lyme disease and tuberculosis) and the effects of cancer. According to (Christian Nordiqst ) the causes of encephalitis can be category by two which are primary (infectious) encephalitis and secondary (post infectious) encephalitis. For primary encephalitis, there are three main categories of viruses which are common viruses (herpes simplex virus) , childhood viruses (measles ,mumps), and arboviruses. Secondary encephalitis can be caused by a complication of viral infection. 2.2 Incidence 2.2.1 Incidence Encephalitis in Malaysia In September 1998, an epidemic of severe fever encephalitis among pig farmers was first reported in the state of Perak Malaysia that was associated with high rate mortality. At first death were thought by Japanese encephalitis (JE) that is endemic in Malaysia and occur occasionally. However, characteristic of JE is different to these cases. A few cases patients were young children and most of the cases happened to men that have worked with pigs. Whereas, JE is mosquito borne that most common among young children and has no associated with particular occupation. JE was eliminated from possibility JE was the cause due to illness and deaths among infected pigs. By February 1999, similar disease were happened in pigs and humans in other area in Malaysia. 2.2.2 Incidence Encephalitis in Overseas Different viruses will occur in different locations. Many cases will tend to cluster in a certain season. According to Kathryn Sue (1994) the arthropod à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬borne occurs in epidemics with different incidence like as geographic and seasonal incidence (table). Eastern equine encephalitis is the least common of encephalitis but is the most serious encephalitis. table Viral encephalitis Type Geographic incidence Seasonal incidence Arthropod- borne : Eastern equine encephalitis Eastern United States Autumn Western equine encephalitis Uniform distribution, throughout the United States Summer and early fall St. Louis encephalitis Widespread distribution , in the far west occur in rural area, elsewhere in urban areas Late summer Venezuelan equine encephalitis Sourthwestern united States Year round California virus encephalitis Midwestern states Early fall Herpes simplex encephalitis No particular geographic distribution No seasonal incidence Poliovirus poliomyelitis Sporadic distribution where nonimmunized persons cluster Summer and ealy fall Rabies Sporadic distribution throughout the United States Bites more common in the late spring and throughout the early fall DISEASE GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION VECTOR/ HOSTS Herpes encephalitis United states / the world Human to human contact West Nile encephalitis Africa, West Asia, Middle East, United States Mosquito / mostly birds Eastern equine encephalitis East Coast (from Massachussetts to Florida), Gulf Coast Mosquito / birds Western equine encephalitis Western United States and Canada Mosquito / birds Venezuelan equine encephalitis Western Hemisphere Mosquito / rodents La Crosse encephalitis United States (Midwestern Southeastern) Mosquito / chipmunks, squirrels St. Louis encephalitis Milwestern mid- Atlantic United States Mosquito/ birds Japanese encephalitis Temperate Asia, southern and southeastern Asia Mosquito/ birds and pigs Picture of worldwide distribution of major arboviral encephalitides Figure worldwide distribution and arbovirus transmission cycle. 2.3 Mortality/morbidity Encephalitis may be a mild infectious disease to a severe disorder that is life-threatening. The dramatic clinical manifestations of encephalitis are fever delirium or confusion progressing to unconsciousness, seizure activity cranial nerve palsies, paresis and paralysis, involuntary movement and abnormal reflexes. Signs of marked intracranial pressure may be present, 2.3.1 Mortality Charles Patrick 2012 argued that the certain of patients with encephalitis the death rate can be high. The death rates of St. Louis encephalitis can up to 30% of the cases. For Japanese encephalitis, the range death rate is from 0.3% to 60% of the people infected usually within the first week of illness and herpes encephalitis, 50%-755 of people die within 18 months. In contrast, it can increase survival up 90% when treatment by acyclovir (Zovirax). 2.3.2 Morbidity According to james nina 2004. Survival rates are due to the etiology of the disease. In some cases it can be fatal. In USA, according to Centers for Disease Controls and Prevention), encephalitis most occur in children, elderly people and individuals have weakened immune systems approximately in 0.5 in every 100,000 individuals. Besides that, in UK the National Health Service (NHS) places a figure at 1.5 cases per 100,000 people. ( Christian Nordqist 2009) 2.4 Signs and Symptoms 2.4.1 Symptoms of Encephalitis Before encephalitis begins, some patients will feel cold or stomach infection. For the case of encephalitis is not very severe, the symptoms may be similar with other disease such as fever (not very high), mild headache, low energy and poor appetite. For other symptom is confusion, drowsiness, light sensitivity, vomiting, irritability or poor temper control. (encephalitis , 2012) According to Christian norqist 2009, symptom for less common severe in encephalitis is the patients will experience stiff neck and back (occasionally). There also can be stiffness of the limbs, slow movement and clumsiness. The patient will also have cough and feels drowsy. For the more severe cases, the patients experience severe headaches, nausea, vomiting, confusion, memory loss, hearing problems, hallucination, seizures and possibly coma. The patient will be become aggressive for some cases. (christain norqist 2009). Symptoms of encephalitis in infants and newborns may be difficult to recognize. The parent or guardian should be alert of baby crying more than often (there will become worse when the baby is picked up and comforted). Besides that, the parent should be look out of vomiting, soft spot on the top of the head (frontal) may bulge out more. Other symptoms are includes body stiffness and poor feeding. (christain norqist 2009). For emergency symptoms in encephalitis is the patients will loss of consciousness, poor responsiveness, coma, muscle weakness, seizures, severe headache, and sudden change in mental functions which are amnesia, lack of mood, impaired of judgement inability to make decision and less interest in daily activities. (encephalitis 2012) 2.4.2 Signs of Encephalitis Signs of encephalitis may be show muscle weakness, speech problem, skin rash, mouth ulcers, mental confusion and neck stiffness. Other than that, signs of encephalitis are abnormal reflexes and increased intracranial pressure. Table Summary of symptoms Symptoms of encephalitis Less severe More severe In newborn and young infants Mild headache Fever Poor appetite Light sensitivity Vomiting Disorientation Stiff neck and back Severe headache Nausea Vomiting Confusion Memory loss Speech problem Hallucination Seizures coma body stiffness poor feeding Bulging soft spots on the top head table Summary signs of encephalitis Signs of encephalitis Muscle weakness Mouth ulcers Neck stiffness Skin rash Speech problem Abnormal reflexes Increased intracranial pressure Mental confusion 2.5 Pathophysiology The virus causes inflammation of brain tissue. The brain tissue swells (cerebral edema), which may destroy nerve cells, cause bleeding in the brain (intracerebral haemorrhage), and brain damage. When the virus spread by haematogenous (via bloodstream) like example rabies virus, it replicates outside the CNS and enter in the CNS. Since the virus through the blood- brain barrier t virus enter neural cells. These will result disruption of cell functioning, perivascular congestion, haemorrhage and a diffuse inflammatory response that disproportionately affects gray matters over white matter. Certain virus depend to neuron cell membrane preceptors that only found in specific parts of the brain like example Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) more likely causes haemorrhage necrotic encephalitis with predilection for the limbic system, inferior and medial temporal lobes. (David) According to james nina 2004, individuals who obtain encephalitis more frequently develop permanent neurologic disabilities. This condition is more serious than meningitis. This is happened when the viral infection produce in cerebral edema with numerous hemorrhagic spots scattered throughout the cerebral hemispheres, brainstem and cerebellum. 2.6 Histopathology 2.6.1 Arthropod- Borne Viral Encephalitis CHAPTER THREE IMAGING MODALITIES 3.1 Computer Tomography (CT scan) Computer Tomography is the combination of computer technology and x-rays as a result two dimensional images of organ, bones and tissues. To detect sign of encephalitis or inflammation of the meninges, usually procedure with contrast is required. The contrast is injected into bloodstream to more differentiate tissues in the brain. (national institude of neurological disorder and stroke 2011) Mahesh (2011) states that in adult, encephalitis in CT scans visualize hypodensity in the temporal lobe either bilaterally or unilaterally. It also involves with or without frontal lobe. 3.2 Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) MRI is use strong magnet and computer- generates radio waves to produce more detail images of body structures which are tissues, bones, organs and nerves. MRI is better than CT scan which is give more clearly picture that can help to recognize brain and spinal cord inflammation. Infection, tumors, eye disease and blood vessel irregularities that can be stroke. The images that require more detail, a contrast may be injected. (national institude of neurological disorder and stroke 2011) 3.3 Electroencephalography (EEG) EEG is use by monitoring electrical activity in the brain through the skull to detect abnormal brain waves. The function of EEG is to help diagnose certain seizure disorder, specific viral infection, for example herpes virus and inflammation of the brain or spinal cord. (national institude of neurological disorder and stroke 2011) 3.4 Ultrasonography Mahesh (2011) states that the role of ultrasonography in detects herpes encephalitis are limited. This is because it limited to identify the periventicular destructive process in neonatal evaluation ultrasonogaphy. Ultrasound showing a good near field but less far field resolution (Cranial Ultrsonography in Neonates 2010) . According to (james nina , 2004) MRI is precious diagnosis because it can detect brain inflammation earlier than Computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, nuclear medicine studies, or EEG evaluation. Other anomalies such as a brain abscess or subdural emphysema or hematoma that mimics the clinical sign of viral encephalitis can be rule out by MR. 3.5 Nuclear Imaging CHAPTER FOUR IMAGES OF FEATURES OF PATHOLOGY 4.1 Computed Tomography (CT Scan) http://www.mypacs.net/repos/mpv3_repo/viz/full/0/38/120/39969726.jpghttp://www.mypacs.net/repos/mpv3_repo/viz/full/0/38/120/39969721.jpg Figure shows 30 years old men that have AIDS, presenting with left facial palsy. Figure (a) shows CT scan non contrast as a result a isodence lesion in the right basal ganglia, surrounded by hypodense edema and mass effect. Figure (b) shows CT with contrast that represent a ring- enchancing lesion in the right basal ganglia that surrounded by edema. ( Antonio, 2011) a b http://www.pediatriconcall.com/fordoctor/diseasesandcondition/pediatric_emergencies/IMAGE/v7c09a%5B1%5D.jpg Figure (a) show some hypodensity in the thalami and temporal lobes without contrast, indicative of bilateral cortical and subcortical edema. Figure (b) shows there is meningeal enhancement at the margins of abnormal parenchymas as well as mild central enhancement after IV contrast is injected. There is no evidence of herniation. a bImage of encephalitis Figure 4.1 (a) is a CT scan of a normal brain. Figure 4.1 (b) shows contrast materials have accumulate in infected areas and around the brain from encephalitis. (Paul 2011) 4.2 MRI Imaging http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hsv_encephalitis.jpg/230px-Hsv_encephalitis.jpg Figure 4.2 high signals in the temporal lobes including hippocampal formations and parahippogampal grae, insulae and right inferior gyrus by using coronal T2- weighted MR. http://images.radiopaedia.org/images/539441/ea09c9c0186c85af7c888a031e559c_gallery.jpg Figure shows that MRI demonstrates extensive oedema in the right temporal lobes with areas of intrinsic high T1 signal, in keeping with haemorrhage. Axial proton densityà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬weighted image in a 62-year-o Figure shows 62 years old woman with confusion and herpes encephalitis with axial proton density- weight image. It demonstrates T2 hyperintensity involving the right temporal lobe. 4.3 Ultrosonography Full-size image (20 K) Figure demonstrate coronol ultrasound scan at the level of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles. It performed with phased array transducer. It is shows mildly dilated frontal horns and bilateral grade 1 intraventricular hemorrhage (arrows). CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION 5.1 Difference Encephalitis and Meningitis Encephalitis is the dangerous than meningitis because the person that has encephalitis is more develop to permanent neurologic disabilities. According to james nina 2004, meningitis is an inflammation of the meningeal that covering the brain and spinal cord. Bacteria, viruses or other organisms that reach the meninges are the causes of meningitis. This can be happened in elsewhere in the body by blood or lymph as a result from trauma and penetrating wounds, or from adjacent structures that become infected. Most common that cause meningitis is bacterial infection. Kathryn sue 1994 states that meningitis is infection of meninges that causes by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and other toxins. This infection can be classified to acute, subacute and chronic. The pathophysiology, treatment and clinical manifestation are different for each type of organism. Bacterial meningitis is a primary of an infection of the pia mater and arachnoid, the subarachnoid space, the ventricular system and the CFS (kathyn sue 1994). The types of bacteria that carry for acute bacterial meningitis are meningococci, streptococci, and pneumocci. Middle ear or frontal sinus is responsible that carried the bacteria to meninges. The most common meningitis in children is meningococcal, the most common meningitis in adult is pneumococcal and streptococcal meningitis is the most common in young children. CHAPTER SIX TREATMENT 6.1 Treatment The objective of treatment is to help the human body to fight the infection and relieve symptoms with give supportive care like example rest, nutrition, and fluids. Antibiotics will give to patients if the infection is caused by bacteria (certain bacteria) and antiviral medication (acyclovir and foscarnet) to treat herpes encephalitis or the severe viral infection. Anti seizure medication ( phenytoin) will be given to prevent seizures. (encephalitis 2012) Mayo 2011 states that treatment for mild cases include bed rest, drinking plenty of fluid and anti- inflammatory drugs such as acetaminophen to relieve fever and headache. For more severe cases of encephalitis can be category into three treatment which are Antiviral drugs, supportive care and follow up therapy. 6.1.1 Antiviral drugs Acylovir and Ganciclovir are antiviral drugs that common used to treat encephalitis but it is not responding for some viruses such as insect-borne viruses. This drug also can be very effective to treat herpes simplex virus. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pain of muscle or joint and loss of appetite are the side effect for the antiviral drugs. Abnormalities in kidney or liver function are rare serious problem (Mayo 2011) 6.1.2 Supportive Care For severe encephalitis, additional supportive care also be needed in the hospital. This is including breathing assistance as monitor heart function and breathing, intravenous fluids is to ensure that appropriate levels of essential minerals and proper hydration. Anti- inflammatory also be given to help reduce pressure and swelling within the skull such as corticosteroids. Patient that have seizures or to prevent seizure, anticonvulsant medicine such as phenytoin is given (Mayo 2011). 6.1.3 Follow up therapy Follow up therapy is depending to the type or severity of complication. This therapy includes physical therapy which is to help improve flexibility, strength, motor coordination and balance. Occupational therapy is to use adaptive products that help with everyday activities and develop everyday skills. Patient that have speech problem, speech therapy can be help to relearn muscle control and coordination. Psychotherapy is learning how to be coping strategies and have new behavioural skills that can improve personality changes and mood disorder (Mayo 2011). 6.2 Diagnosis According to National Institute of Neurological disorders and stroke (2011), the doctor may diagnostic tests to confirm the presence of inflammation and infection by following a physical exam and medical history to looking activities of the past several days such as patient have bite by animal or insects or any contact with ill persons. The patients may perform a neurological examination, laboratory screening of blood, urine and body sections and analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid. A neurological examination is to assess nerve function, coordination and balance, mental status, changes in behaviour and function of motor and sensory. Usually, the doctor use small light, reflex hammer to test of strength and sensation or nervous system. Laboratory screening of blood, urine and body secretions is use to determine the presence of antibodies and foreign body that can detect and recognize brain and spinal cord inflammation and infection. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid is the procedure that known as lumbar puncture. The procedure of lumbar puncture is special needle is inserted into the lower back and then a small of amount of cerebrospinal fluids is removed. CHAPTER SEVEN PROGNOSIS 7.1 Expectations Usually, outcome of encephalitis is depend on what infection involves, the severity of illness, how quickly time treatment is given. Patient with very mild encephalitis most of them can make a full recovery, although the process treatment may be slow. The patient can be recovering in 2-4 weeks for patient have experience only fever, body stiffness and headache. For the severe cases, the patient may be have problem with hearing, speech, blindness, behaviour changes, seizures, memory loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive disabilities. Long-term therapy, medication and supportive care may be required for these patients. (national institude of neurological disorder and stroke 2011) Goodman (2003) notes that patient who may have been ill at the onset , their rate recovery range from 10% to 50%. The patients have mumps meningoencephalitis and Venezuelan equine encephalitis have an excellent expectation. Other encephalitis that have moderate to good rate of survival are western equine, St. Louis and California encephalitis. Herpes simplex encephalitis has a moderately good outcome, 50% of person neurologic disorder and 20% mortality. With similar infections, young children more take longer recover than adults. In infants, permanent cerebral sequelae are occurred. 7.2 Prevention Christian Nordqist (2009) found that the effectives way to reduced risk to get encephalitis by keeping up to date with vaccines. Other than that, take measures to reduce the risk being bitten in area to have mosquito that carry virus encephalitis. For example, keep house mosquito free, wearing appropriate clothing, do not go mosquito infested area, using insect repellent, avoid go outside at specific time where there a lot of mosquito, for example at night and make sure there are no stagnant water in house. Beside that, encephalitis can be prevented by avoid sharing food, glasses or other object that have be exposed from infected person. Good personal hygiene also can reduce risk to get disease from infected person. Wash hand frequently with soap and rinse under running water ( National Institude of Neurologic Disorder and Stroke 2011). CHAPTER EIGHT CONCLUSION